MISTLETOE
Most people are familiar with mistletoe as the plant we kiss under during the Christmas holidays, but did you know that mistletoe also has important medicinal properties?
MISTLETOE
Viscum use for cancer is mentioned in the literate starting in the early 1900s. Dr. Ita Wegman around 1920 first developed its use as an injectable agent for cancer. Research has subsequently shown that Viscum has several notable effects.
First and foremost, Viscum is like an immune system enhancing therapy. It exerts its immune effects through various mechanisms, including:
- Increase in the number of immune system cells and activity of immune system cells
- Increase in the activity of various cytokines, including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, interferon-g, & tumor necrosis factor-a
- Increase in body temperature
- Viscumalso has a cytotoxic (cancer cell-killing) effect through its inhibition of protein synthesis. [4] By blocking the production of specific proteins, cancer cell death via apoptosis ensues.
- Also, Viscum has an anti-cancer effect — it inhibits angiogenesis, which is the production of new blood vessels. In the setting of cancer, new blood vessels are used to assist cancer in its growth and spread.
MISTLETOE
Viscum use for cancer is mentioned in the literate starting in the early 1900s. Dr. Ita Wegman around 1920 first developed its use as an injectable agent for cancer. Research has subsequently shown that Viscum has several notable effects.
First and foremost, Viscumis like an immune system enhancing therapy. It exerts its immune effects through various mechanisms, including:
- Increase in the number of immune system cells and activity of immune system cells
- Increase in the activity of various cytokines, including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, interferon-g, & tumor necrosis factor-a
- Increase in body temperature
- Viscumalso has a cytotoxic (cancer cell-killing) effect through its inhibition of protein synthesis. [4] By blocking the production of specific proteins, cancer cell death via apoptosis ensues.
- Also, Viscum has an anti-cancer effect — it inhibits angiogenesis, which is the production of new blood vessels. In the setting of cancer, new blood vessels are used to assist cancer in its growth and spread.
Perhaps as a result of its noted anti-cancer effects, mistletoe has been shown to improve quality of life. Reductions in pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia have been seen in mistletoe studies.
Finally, mistletoe has been shown to be compatible with many chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in no negative herb-drug interactions. This compatibility was shown to exist even when chemotherapy and Viscum were given simultaneously.
Due to its extensive clinical use worldwide for many years, coupled with solid scientific research supporting its use, we believe that mistletoe is a vital component in most integrative cancer protocols.
Q&A
Q: Are there any special populations that cannot use Mistletoe Therapy?
A: Mistletoe therapy is not recommended for anyone with an allergy to Mistletoe, or anyone with acute inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, high fever, pregnancy, Myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, or uncontrolled hyperthyroidism.
Q: Can I receive Mistletoe Therapy while receiving other treatments, such as radiation or chemotherapy?
A: Yes. Mistletoe can help alleviate some of the common side-effects of radiation and chemotherapy, such as fatigue, nausea, and difficulty sleeping. Read the above list of benefits of Mistletoe Therapy.
Q: Have there been clinical studies done on Mistletoe Therapy?
A: Many clinical studies examining Mistletoe use with cancer patients have shown improved outcomes, both in conjunction with conventional treatments and as a stand-alone adjuvant therapy. Another compelling benefit, which has been observed in a multitude of clinical trials, is improved quality of life. Outcomes include less severe side-effects from chemotherapy such as fatigue, depression, nausea and vomiting, and improved emotional well-being and concentration.
Scientific literature on mistletoe therapy for cancer
Please find here an overview of all cited scientific literature in alphabetical order:
Adler SR and JR Fosket: Disclosing complementary and alternative medicine use in the medical encounter: a qualitative study in women with breast cancer. J Fam Pract. 1999; 48: 453-458 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386489.
Albarrán Weick M (1998). Retrospektive Fall-Kontroll-Studie zum Stellenwert der adjuvanten Therapie des malignen Melanoms mit Iscador P.c.Hg, Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Breisgau): 100.
Antony S, R Kuttan and G Kuttan: Effect of viscum album in the inhibition of lung metastasis in mice induced by B16F10 melanoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1997; 16: 159-162 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9261741.
Antony S, R Kuttan and G Kuttan: Inhibition of lung metastasis by adoptive immunotherapy using Iscador. Immunol Invest. 1999; 28: 1-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073677.
Antony S, R Kuttan and G Kuttan: Role of natural killer cells in iscador mediated inhibition of metastasis by adoptive immunotherapy. Immunol Invest. 2000; 29: 219-231 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10933606.
Auerbach L, V Dostal, I Vaclavik-Fleck, E Kubista, A Rosenberger, S Rieger, W Tröger and JM Schierholz (2005). Signifikant höherer Anteil aktivierter NKZellen durch additive Misteltherapie bei chemotherapierten Mamma-Ca-Patientinnen in einer prospektiv-randomisierten doppelblinden Studie [Significant Higher Level of Activated NK-Cells in Patients with Breast Cancer Receiving Viscurn alburn Extract] during Chemotherapy. Fortschritte in der Misteltherapie. Aktueller Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendung. Essen, Scheer R, Bauer R, Becker H, Fintelmann V, Kemper F, Schilcher, H. : 543-554.
Augustin M, PR Bock, J Hanisch, M Karasmann and B Schneider: Safety and efficacy of the long-term adjuvant treatment of primary intermediate- to high-risk malignant melanoma (UICC/AJCC stage II and III) with a standardized fermented European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extract. Results from a multicenter, comparative, epidemiological cohort study in Germany and Switzerland. Arzneimittelforschung. 2005; 55: 38-49 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15727163.
Axtner J, M Steele, M Kröz, G Spahn, H Matthes and F Schad: Health services research of integrative oncology in palliative care of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer. 2016; 16: 579 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27485618.
Bar-Sela G: White-Berry Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) as complementary treatment in cancer: Does it help? European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2011; 3: e55-e62 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876382011000242.
Bar-Sela G, M Wollner, L Hammer, A Agbarya, E Dudnik and N Haim: Mistletoe as complementary treatment in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with carboplatin-based combinations: a randomised phase II study. Eur J Cancer. 2013; 49: 1058-1064 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218588.
Bauer C, T Oppel, F Rueff and B Przybilla: Anaphylaxis to viscotoxins of mistletoe (Viscum album) extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005; 94: 86-89 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15702822.
Becker H and JM Scher (2005). Kurzer Überblick über die Inhaltsstoffe der Mistel (Viscum album L.). Fortschritte in der Misteltherapie. R. Scheer, R. Bauer, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag: 3-11.
Beuth J, B Schneider and JM Schierholz: Impact of complementary treatment of breast cancer patients with standardized mistletoe extract during aftercare: a controlled multicenter comparative epidemiological cohort study. Anticancer Res. 2008; 28: 523-527 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18383896.
Bock PR, WE Friedel, J Hanisch, M Karasmann and B Schneider: [Efficacy and safety of long-term complementary treatment with standardized European mistletoe extract (Viscum album L.) in addition to the conventional adjuvant oncologic therapy in patients with primary non-metastasized mammary carcinoma. Results of a multi-center, comparative, epidemiological cohort study in Germany and Switzerland]. Arzneimittelforschung. 2004; 54: 456-466 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15460213.
Bock PR, J Hanisch, H Matthes and KS Zanker: Targeting inflammation in cancer-related-fatigue: a rationale for mistletoe therapy as supportive care in colorectal cancer patients. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2014; 13: 105-111 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766319.
Boie D (1977). Die zusätzliche Helixor-Therapie beim Prostata-Karzinom des Stadium D. Arbeitsbericht. Rosenfeld, Verein für Leukämie- und Krebs-Therapie.
Bouzek T. Misteltherapie bei Patienten mit Hirntumoren: 3 Kasuistiken. Der Merkurstab. Zeitschrift für Anthroposophische Medizin 2012;65(3):249-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14271/DMS-19966-DE
Braedel-Ruoff S: Immunomodulatory effects of Viscum album extracts on natural killer cells: review of clinical trials. Forsch Komplementmed. 2010; 17: 63-73 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20484913.
Brandenburger M, AP Simoes-Wüst, M Rostock, L Rist and R Saller (2013). Quality-of-life of cancer patients during mistletoe therapy – An exploratory stdy with the additional use of questionnaires (Lebensqualität von Krebspatienten während der Misteltherapie – Eine explorative Studie mit dem zusätzlichen Einsatz von Fragebögen). Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie 3, Aktueller Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendung. R. Scheer, S. Alban, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag.
Burger AM, U Mengs, G Kelter, JB Schuler and HH Fiebig: No evidence of stimulation of human tumor cell proliferation by a standardized aqueous mistletoe extract in vitro. Anticancer Res. 2003; 23: 3801-3806 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14666680.
Burkhart J, C Walchli, P Heusser, U Weissenstein, S Baumgartner and AC Andres: In vitro investigation into the potential of a mistletoe extract to alleviate adverse effects of cyclophosphamide. Altern Ther Health Med. 2010; 16: 40-48 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486623.
Büssing A. Mistletoe. The Genus Viscum. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Hardwood Academic Publishers; 2000.
Büssing A (2001). Viscum album L. – Mechanismen der Zytotoxizität. . Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie. R. Scheer , R. Bauer, H. Becker, A. P. Berg and V. Fintelmann. Essen, KCV Verlag: 121-134.
Büssing A, T Azhari, H Ostendorp, A Lehnert and K Schweizer: Viscum album L. extracts reduce sister chromatid exchanges in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Cancer. 1994; 30A: 1836-1841 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7880615.
Büssing A, M Bischof, W Hatzmann, F Bartsch, D Soto-Vera, EM Fronk, M Gmeindl and GM Stein: Prevention of surgery-induced suppression of granulocyte function by intravenous application of a fermented extract from Viscum album L. in breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2005; 25: 4753-4757 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16334172.
Büssing A, M Girke, C Heckmann, F Schad, T Ostermann and M Kröz: Validation of the self-regulation questionnaire as a measure of health in quality of life research. Eur J Med Res. 2009; 14: 223-227 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541580.
Büssing A, H Jungmann, K Suzart and K Schweizer: Suppression of sister chromatid exchange-inducing DNA lesions in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells by Viscum album L. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research. 1996; 15: 199-205.
Büssing A, C Raak and T Ostermann: Quality of life and related dimensions in cancer patients treated with mistletoe extract (iscador): a meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 2012: 219402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21747894.
Büssing A, A Regnery and K Schweizer: Effects of Viscum album L. on cyclophosphamide-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro: sister chromatid exchanges and activation/proliferation marker expression. Cancer Lett. 1995; 94: 199-205 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7634248.
Büssing A, G Schaller and U Pfüller: Generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) by the thionins from Viscum album L. Anticancer Res. 1998; 18: 4291-4296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9891480.
Büssing A, D Schietzel, M Schink and GM Stein (2005). Keine Stimulation in vitro kultivierter Tumorzellen durch Mistellektine. Fortschritte in der Misteltherapie. R. Scheer, R. Bauer, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag: 281-290.
Büssing A and M Schietzel: Apoptosis-inducing properties of Viscum album L. extracts from different host trees, correlate with their content of toxic mistletoe lectins. Anticancer Res. 1999; 19: 23-28 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10226520.
Büssing A, K Suzart, J Bergmann, U Pfüller, M Schietzel and K Schweizer: Induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes treated with Viscum album L. is mediated by the mistletoe lectins. Cancer Lett. 1996; 99: 59-72 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8564930.
Büssing A, W Vervecken, M Wagner, B Wagner, U Pfüller and M Schietzel: Expression of mitochondrial Apo2.7 molecules and caspase-3 activation in human lymphocytes treated with the ribosome-inhibiting mistletoe lectins and the cell membrane permeabilizing viscotoxins. Cytometry. 1999; 37: 133-139 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10486525.
Chen DS and I Mellman: Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity. 2013; 39: 1-10 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23890059.
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Davis C, Naci H, Gurpinar E, Poplavska E, Pinto A, Aggarwal A. Availability of evidence of benefits on overall survival and quality of life of cancer drugs approved by European Medicines Agency (EMA): retrospective cohort study of drug approvals 2009-13. BMJ. 2017;359:j4530. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28978555
Debreczeni JE, B Girmann, A Zeeck, R Kratzner and GM Sheldrick: Structure of viscotoxin A3: disulfide location from weak SAD data. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2003; 59: 2125-2132 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14646070.
Devika Das, Lalan Wilfong, Katherine Enright, and Gabrielle Rocque. How Do We Align Health Services Research and Quality Improvement? American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book 2020 :40, 1-10
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