MISTLETOE

Perhaps as a result of its noted anti-cancer effects, mistletoe has been shown to improve quality of life. Reductions in pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia have been seen in mistletoe studies.

Finally, mistletoe has been shown to be compatible with many chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in no negative herb-drug interactions. This compatibility was shown to exist even when chemotherapy and Viscum were given simultaneously.

Due to its extensive clinical use worldwide for many years, coupled with solid scientific research supporting its use, we believe that mistletoe is a vital component in most integrative cancer protocols.

Q&A

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Q: Are there any special populations that cannot use Mistletoe Therapy?

A: Mistletoe therapy is not recommended for anyone with an allergy to Mistletoe, or anyone with acute inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, high fever, pregnancy, Myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, or uncontrolled hyperthyroidism.

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Q: Can I receive Mistletoe Therapy while receiving other treatments, such as radiation or chemotherapy?

A: Yes. Mistletoe can help alleviate some of the common side-effects of radiation and chemotherapy, such as fatigue, nausea, and difficulty sleeping. Read the above list of benefits of Mistletoe Therapy.

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Q: Have there been clinical studies done on Mistletoe Therapy?

A: Many clinical studies examining Mistletoe use with cancer patients have shown improved outcomes, both in conjunction with conventional treatments and as a stand-alone adjuvant therapy. Another compelling benefit, which has been observed in a multitude of clinical trials, is improved quality of life. Outcomes include less severe side-effects from chemotherapy such as fatigue, depression, nausea and vomiting, and improved emotional well-being and concentration.

Scientific literature on mistletoe therapy for cancer

Please find here an overview of all cited scientific literature in alphabetical order:

Adler SR and JR Fosket: Disclosing complementary and alternative medicine use in the medical encounter: a qualitative study in women with breast cancer. J Fam Pract. 1999; 48: 453-458 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386489.

Albarrán Weick M (1998). Retrospektive Fall-Kontroll-Studie zum Stellenwert der adjuvanten Therapie des malignen Melanoms mit Iscador P.c.Hg, Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Breisgau): 100.

Antony S, R Kuttan and G Kuttan: Effect of viscum album in the inhibition of lung metastasis in mice induced by B16F10 melanoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1997; 16: 159-162 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9261741.

Antony S, R Kuttan and G Kuttan: Inhibition of lung metastasis by adoptive immunotherapy using Iscador. Immunol Invest. 1999; 28: 1-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073677.

Antony S, R Kuttan and G Kuttan: Role of natural killer cells in iscador mediated inhibition of metastasis by adoptive immunotherapy. Immunol Invest. 2000; 29: 219-231 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10933606.

Auerbach L, V Dostal, I Vaclavik-Fleck, E Kubista, A Rosenberger, S Rieger, W Tröger and JM Schierholz (2005). Signifikant höherer Anteil aktivierter NKZellen durch additive Misteltherapie bei chemotherapierten Mamma-Ca-Patientinnen in einer prospektiv-randomisierten doppelblinden Studie [Significant Higher Level of Activated NK-Cells in Patients with Breast Cancer Receiving Viscurn alburn Extract] during Chemotherapy. Fortschritte in der Misteltherapie. Aktueller Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendung. Essen, Scheer R, Bauer R, Becker H, Fintelmann V, Kemper F, Schilcher, H. : 543-554.

Augustin M, PR Bock, J Hanisch, M Karasmann and B Schneider: Safety and efficacy of the long-term adjuvant treatment of primary intermediate- to high-risk malignant melanoma (UICC/AJCC stage II and III) with a standardized fermented European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extract. Results from a multicenter, comparative, epidemiological cohort study in Germany and Switzerland. Arzneimittelforschung. 2005; 55: 38-49 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15727163.

Axtner J, M Steele, M Kröz, G Spahn, H Matthes and F Schad: Health services research of integrative oncology in palliative care of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer. 2016; 16: 579 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27485618.

Bar-Sela G: White-Berry Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) as complementary treatment in cancer: Does it help? European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2011; 3: e55-e62 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876382011000242.

Bar-Sela G, M Wollner, L Hammer, A Agbarya, E Dudnik and N Haim: Mistletoe as complementary treatment in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with carboplatin-based combinations: a randomised phase II study. Eur J Cancer. 2013; 49: 1058-1064 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218588.

Bauer C, T Oppel, F Rueff and B Przybilla: Anaphylaxis to viscotoxins of mistletoe (Viscum album) extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005; 94: 86-89 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15702822.

Becker H and JM Scher (2005). Kurzer Überblick über die Inhaltsstoffe der Mistel (Viscum album L.). Fortschritte in der Misteltherapie. R. Scheer, R. Bauer, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag: 3-11.

Beuth J, B Schneider and JM Schierholz: Impact of complementary treatment of breast cancer patients with standardized mistletoe extract during aftercare: a controlled multicenter comparative epidemiological cohort study. Anticancer Res. 2008; 28: 523-527 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18383896.

Bock PR, WE Friedel, J Hanisch, M Karasmann and B Schneider: [Efficacy and safety of long-term complementary treatment with standardized European mistletoe extract (Viscum album L.) in addition to the conventional adjuvant oncologic therapy in patients with primary non-metastasized mammary carcinoma. Results of a multi-center, comparative, epidemiological cohort study in Germany and Switzerland]. Arzneimittelforschung. 2004; 54: 456-466 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15460213.

Bock PR, J Hanisch, H Matthes and KS Zanker: Targeting inflammation in cancer-related-fatigue: a rationale for mistletoe therapy as supportive care in colorectal cancer patients. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2014; 13: 105-111 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766319.

Boie D (1977). Die zusätzliche Helixor-Therapie beim Prostata-Karzinom des Stadium D. Arbeitsbericht. Rosenfeld, Verein für Leukämie- und Krebs-Therapie.

Bouzek T. Misteltherapie bei Patienten mit Hirntumoren: 3 Kasuistiken. Der Merkurstab. Zeitschrift für Anthroposophische Medizin 2012;65(3):249-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14271/DMS-19966-DE

Braedel-Ruoff S: Immunomodulatory effects of Viscum album extracts on natural killer cells: review of clinical trials. Forsch Komplementmed. 2010; 17: 63-73 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20484913.

Brandenburger M, AP Simoes-Wüst, M Rostock, L Rist and R Saller (2013). Quality-of-life of cancer patients during mistletoe therapy – An exploratory stdy with the additional use of questionnaires (Lebensqualität von Krebspatienten während der Misteltherapie – Eine explorative Studie mit dem zusätzlichen Einsatz von Fragebögen). Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie 3, Aktueller Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendung. R. Scheer, S. Alban, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag.

Burger AM, U Mengs, G Kelter, JB Schuler and HH Fiebig: No evidence of stimulation of human tumor cell proliferation by a standardized aqueous mistletoe extract in vitro. Anticancer Res. 2003; 23: 3801-3806 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14666680.

Burkhart J, C Walchli, P Heusser, U Weissenstein, S Baumgartner and AC Andres: In vitro investigation into the potential of a mistletoe extract to alleviate adverse effects of cyclophosphamide. Altern Ther Health Med. 2010; 16: 40-48 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486623.

Büssing A. Mistletoe. The Genus Viscum. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Hardwood Academic Publishers; 2000.

Büssing A (2001). Viscum album L. – Mechanismen der Zytotoxizität. . Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie. R. Scheer , R. Bauer, H. Becker, A. P. Berg and V. Fintelmann. Essen, KCV Verlag: 121-134.

Büssing A, T Azhari, H Ostendorp, A Lehnert and K Schweizer: Viscum album L. extracts reduce sister chromatid exchanges in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Cancer. 1994; 30A: 1836-1841 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7880615.

Büssing A, M Bischof, W Hatzmann, F Bartsch, D Soto-Vera, EM Fronk, M Gmeindl and GM Stein: Prevention of surgery-induced suppression of granulocyte function by intravenous application of a fermented extract from Viscum album L. in breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2005; 25: 4753-4757 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16334172.

Büssing A, M Girke, C Heckmann, F Schad, T Ostermann and M Kröz: Validation of the self-regulation questionnaire as a measure of health in quality of life research. Eur J Med Res. 2009; 14: 223-227 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541580.

Büssing A, H Jungmann, K Suzart and K Schweizer: Suppression of sister chromatid exchange-inducing DNA lesions in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells by Viscum album L. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research. 1996; 15: 199-205.

Büssing A, C Raak and T Ostermann: Quality of life and related dimensions in cancer patients treated with mistletoe extract (iscador): a meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 2012: 219402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21747894.

Büssing A, A Regnery and K Schweizer: Effects of Viscum album L. on cyclophosphamide-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro: sister chromatid exchanges and activation/proliferation marker expression. Cancer Lett. 1995; 94: 199-205 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7634248.

Büssing A, G Schaller and U Pfüller: Generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) by the thionins from Viscum album L. Anticancer Res. 1998; 18: 4291-4296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9891480.

Büssing A, D Schietzel, M Schink and GM Stein (2005). Keine Stimulation in vitro kultivierter Tumorzellen durch Mistellektine. Fortschritte in der Misteltherapie. R. Scheer, R. Bauer, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag: 281-290.

Büssing A and M Schietzel: Apoptosis-inducing properties of Viscum album L. extracts from different host trees, correlate with their content of toxic mistletoe lectins. Anticancer Res. 1999; 19: 23-28 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10226520.

Büssing A, K Suzart, J Bergmann, U Pfüller, M Schietzel and K Schweizer: Induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes treated with Viscum album L. is mediated by the mistletoe lectins. Cancer Lett. 1996; 99: 59-72 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8564930.

Büssing A, W Vervecken, M Wagner, B Wagner, U Pfüller and M Schietzel: Expression of mitochondrial Apo2.7 molecules and caspase-3 activation in human lymphocytes treated with the ribosome-inhibiting mistletoe lectins and the cell membrane permeabilizing viscotoxins. Cytometry. 1999; 37: 133-139 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10486525.

Chen DS and I Mellman: Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity. 2013; 39: 1-10 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23890059.

Cramer H, L Cohen, G Dobos and CM Witt: Integrative oncology: best of both worlds-theoretical, practical, and research issues. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 383142 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24371456.

Davis C, Naci H, Gurpinar E, Poplavska E, Pinto A, Aggarwal A. Availability of evidence of benefits on overall survival and quality of life of cancer drugs approved by European Medicines Agency (EMA): retrospective cohort study of drug approvals 2009-13. BMJ. 2017;359:j4530. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28978555

Debreczeni JE, B Girmann, A Zeeck, R Kratzner and GM Sheldrick: Structure of viscotoxin A3: disulfide location from weak SAD data. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2003; 59: 2125-2132 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14646070.

Devika Das, Lalan Wilfong, Katherine Enright, and Gabrielle Rocque. How Do We Align Health Services Research and Quality Improvement? American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book 2020 :40, 1-10

DiGianni LM, JE Garber and EP Winer: Complementary and alternative medicine use among women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20: 34S-38S http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12235222.

Drozdoff L, E Klein, M Kiechle and D Paepke: Use of biologically-based complementary medicine in breast and gynecological cancer patients during systemic therapy. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018; 18: 259 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30249217.

Eggermont A, UR Kleeberg, DJ Ruiter and S Suciu (2001). European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group trial experience with more than 2,000 patients, evaluating adjuvant treatment with low or intermediate dose of interferon alpha-2b. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. A. S. o. c. Oncology. Baltimore, MD, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Eisenbraun J (2016). Intravesikaler Mistelextract bei Patienten mit nicht-muskelinvasivem Harnblasenkarzinom: Eine Phase III-Wirksamkeitsstudie – Aktueller Stand. Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie 4. Aktueller Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendung. R. Scheer, S. Alban, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag: 345-354.

Eisenbraun J (2016). Mistelextrakt bei Patienten mit nichtmuskelinvasivem Harnblasenkarzinom – Ergebnisse einer einarmigen Phase Ib/IIa Dosiseskalationsstudie. Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie 4. Aktueller Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendung. R. Scheer, S. Alban, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag: 331-334.

Eisenbraun J, R Scheer, M Kröz, F Schad and R Huber: Quality of life in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy and concurrent therapy with a mistletoe extract. Phytomedicine. 2011; 18: 151-157 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724129.

Elluru S, JP Duong Van Huyen, S Delignat, F Prost, J Bayry, MD Kazatchkine and SV Kaveri: Molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006; 56: 461-466 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16927527.

Elluru S, JPD Huyen van, B Wootla, S Delignat, F Prost, VS Negi and SV Kaveri: Tumor regressive effects of Viscum album preparations – Exploration of immunomodulatory mechanisms. Medicina. 2007; 67: 85-89.

Elluru SR, JP Duong van Huyen, S Delignat, MD Kazatchkine, A Friboulet, SV Kaveri and J Bayry: Induction of maturation and activation of human dendritic cells: a mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of Viscum album as complimentary therapy in cancer. BMC Cancer. 2008; 8: 161 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18533025.

Elsasser-Beile U, M Voss, R Schuhle and U Wetterauer: Biological effects of natural and recombinant mistletoe lectin and an aqueous mistletoe extract on human monocytes and lymphocytes in vitro. J Clin Lab Anal. 2000; 14: 255-259 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11138605.

Engdal S and OG Nilsen: In vitro inhibition of CYP3A4 by herbal remedies frequently used by cancer patients. Phytother Res. 2009; 23: 906-912 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19170155.

Ernst E, K Schmidt and MK Steuer-Vogt: Mistletoe for cancer? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Int J Cancer. 2003; 107: 262-267 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949804.

Fasching PA, F Thiel, K Nicolaisen-Murmann, C Rauh, J Engel, MP Lux, MW Beckmann and MR Bani: Association of complementary methods with quality of life and life satisfaction in patients with gynecologic and breast malignancies. Support Care Cancer. 2007; 15: 1277-1284 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17333294.

Fischer A (2006). Charakterisierung der immunmodulatorischen Wirkung von Mistelpräparaten auf Zellen des Immunsystems bei Rindern. Dissertation, Universität Hannover.

Fischer S (1996). In vitro-Versuche zur T-Zellaktivität. Stuttgart, Hippokrates Verlag.

Franz H, P Ziska and A Kindt: Isolation and properties of three lectins from mistletoe (Viscum album L.). Biochem J. 1981; 195: 481-484 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7316963.

Franz M (2003). Struktur und biologische Aktivitäten der chitinbindenden Mistellektine. Dissertation, University Tübingen.

Frenkel M and L Cohen: Effective communication about the use of complementary and integrative medicine in cancer care. J Altern Complement Med. 2014; 20: 12-18 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23863085.

Freuding M, Keinki C, Micke O, Buentzel J, Huebner J. Mistletoe in oncological treatment: a systematic review: part 1: survival and safety. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019; doi: 10.1007/s00432-018-02837-4; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30673873

Freuding M, Keinki C, Micke O, Buentzel J, Huebner J. Mistletoe in oncological treatment: a systematic review: part 2: quality of life and toxicity of cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019; doi: 10.1007/s00432-018-02838-3; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30673872

Friedel WE, H Matthes, PR Bock and KS Zanker: Systematic evaluation of the clinical effects of supportive mistletoe treatment within chemo- and/or radiotherapy protocols and long-term mistletoe application in nonmetastatic colorectal carcinoma: multicenter, controlled, observational cohort study. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2009; 7: 137-145 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19883529.

Friess H, HG Beger, J Kunz, N Funk, M Schilling and MW Buchler: Treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer with mistletoe: results of a pilot trial. Anticancer Res. 1996; 16: 915-920 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8687151.

Giudici M, K Villalain, K Pfüller and U Pfüller (2005). Membranaktivität der Viscotoxine A3 und B – Interaktionen mit Modellmembranen. Fortschritte in der Misteltherapie. R. Scheer, R. Bauer, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag: 99-107.

Grah C, A Kurzeja, B Matthes, A Eichberger, A Wüstfeld, K Kunc, U Weissenstein, C Thieme, A Müssig, F Schad and M Reif (2019). Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibition plus Viscum album L.- Extrakt beim Lungenkarzinom. Conference: 60. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e. V.

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Greenlee H, MJ DuPont-Reyes, LG Balneaves, LE Carlson, MR Cohen, G Deng, JA Johnson, M Mumber, D Seely, SM Zick, LM Boyce and D Tripathy: Clinical practice guidelines on the evidence-based use of integrative therapies during and after breast cancer treatment. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017; 67: 194-232 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28436999.

Grossarth-Maticek R, H Kiene, SM Baumgartner and R Ziegler: Use of Iscador, an extract of European mistletoe (Viscum album), in cancer treatment: prospective nonrandomized and randomized matched-pair studies nested within a cohort study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001; 7: 57-66, 68-72, 74-56 passim http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11347286.

Grossarth-Maticek R and R Ziegler: Prospective controlled cohort studies on long-term therapy of breast cancer patients with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador). Forsch Komplementmed. 2006; 13: 285-292 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057389.

Grossarth-Maticek R and R Ziegler: Efficacy and safety of the long-term treatment of melanoma with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador). Schweizerische Zeitschrift für GanzheitsMedizin. 2007.

Grossarth-Maticek R and R Ziegler: Prospective controlled cohort studies on long-term therapy of cervical cancer patients with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador). Forsch Komplementmed. 2007; 14: 140-147 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596694.

Grossarth-Maticek R and R Ziegler: Prospective Controlled Cohort Studies on Long-term Therapy of Ovarian Cancer Patients with Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) Extracts Iscador. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007; 57: 665-678 https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0031-1296666.

Grossarth-Maticek R and R Ziegler: Randomized and non-randomized prospective controlled cohort studies in matched pair design for the long-term therapy of corpus uteri cancer patients with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador). European Journal of Medical Research. 2008; 13: 107-120.

Gschwendtner KM, C Holmberg and J Weis: Beweggründe von Krebspatienten für und gegen die Inanspruchnahme der Misteltherapie. Forsch Komplementmed. 2016; 23: 215–222.

Gutsch J (2001). Außergewöhnlicher Krankheitsverlauf bei metastasierendem Mammakarzinom unter Misteltherapie nach pseudoallergischer Reaktion. Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie. Grundlagenforschung und Klinik. R. Scheer, R. Bauer, B. H, P. A. Berg and V. Fintelmann. Essen, KVC Verlag: 379-387.

Gutsch J, S Rieger, JM Schierholz and D Schlodder (2008). Observational study on treatment with standardized Viscum album extracts (VA-E) in lymphocytic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (CLL) – safety and course. Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie 2, Akuteller Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendung. R. Scheer, S. Alban, H. Becker et al. Essen, KVC Verlag.

Gutsch J, S Rieger and D Schlodder (2013). Observational study on treatment of lymphocytic non-Hodkin lymphoma (CLL) with in-process-standardized Viscum album products Helixor P or A – Clinical course and safety. Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie 3 , Aktueller Stand der Forschung und klinische Anwendung. R. Scheer, A. S, B. H et al. Essen, KVC Verlag.

Gutsch J, PG Werthmann, A Rosenwald and GS Kienle: Complete Remission and Long-term Survival of a Patient with a Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Under Viscum album Extracts After Resistance to R-CHOP: A Case Report. Anticancer Res. 2018; 38: 5363-5369 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30194190.

Hajto T, K Fodor, P Perjesi and P Nemeth: Difficulties and perspectives of immunomodulatory therapy with mistletoe lectins and standardized mistletoe extracts in evidence-based medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011; 2011: 298972 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19939951.

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Heinzerling L, V von Baehr, C Liebenthal, R von Baehr and HD Volk: Immunologic effector mechanisms of a standardized mistletoe extract on the function of human monocytes and lymphocytes in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. J Clin Immunol. 2006; 26: 347-359 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705487.

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Huber R, M Rostock, R Goedl, R Ludtke, K Urech, S Buck and R Klein: Mistletoe treatment induces GM-CSF- and IL-5 production by PBMC and increases blood granulocyte- and eosinophil counts: a placebo controlled randomized study in healthy subjects. Eur J Med Res. 2005; 10: 411-418 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16287602.  

Huber R, M Rostock, R Goedl, R Ludtke, K Urech and R Klein: Immunologic effects of mistletoe lectins: a placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2006; 4: 3-7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16737665.

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Janssen O, A Scheffler and D Kabelitz: In vitro effects of mistletoe extracts and mistletoe lectins. Cytotoxicity towards tumor cells due to the induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Arzneimittelforschung. 1993; 43: 1221-1227 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8292069.

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